Terpenes Found in the Cannabis Plant

Terpenes are organic compounds found in cannabis plants that contribute to the plant’s aroma and flavor. In addition to their sensory effects, terpenes can also interact with other compounds in cannabis, such as cannabinoids, to produce various effects on the body and mind. Below is a discussion of terpenes found in the cannabis plant, their effects, and how they factor into categorizations such as Indica & Sativa.

Effects of Cannabis Terpenes

Here are some of the effects of terpenes in cannabis:

Aromatherapy and mood enhancement: Terpenes are known for their aromatherapy properties and can have mood-enhancing effects. For example, the terpene limonene, which has a citrusy aroma, is thought to have uplifting and energizing effects, while the terpene linalool, which has a floral aroma, is thought to have calming and relaxing effects.
Entourage effect: Terpenes are thought to play a role in the entourage effect, which is the theory that the various compounds in cannabis work together to produce more significant effects than any single compound could achieve on its own. Terpenes can enhance the effects of cannabinoids, such as THC and CBD, and may also have their own unique effects on the body.
Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects: Some terpenes, such as beta-caryophyllene, have been found to have anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. This means they can help reduce inflammation and pain in the body.
Antioxidant and neuroprotective effects: Terpenes like alpha-pinene and beta-pinene have antioxidant and neuroprotective effects, which means they may help protect the brain from damage and reduce oxidative stress in the body.

Overall, terpenes in cannabis can have a range of effects on the body and mind, from mood enhancement to pain relief and neuroprotection. The specific effects depend on the type and amount of terpenes present in the cannabis plant.

Terpene’s Role in Cannabis Categorization

Additionally, terpenes play a critical role in broad categorization of cannabis into two “types”: Indica & Sativa.

The terms “Sativa” and “Indica” were originally used to describe the physical characteristics of the plants, such as their height, leaf shape, and branching patterns. However, over time, these terms have also come to be associated with the effects of the different cannabis. Here are some of the key differences between Sativa and Indica strains:

Plant structure: Sativa plants are typically tall and thin with narrow leaves, while Indica plants are shorter and bushier with wider leaves.
Effects: Sativa strains are often associated with cerebral, uplifting effects, and can be energizing and stimulating. Indica strains, on the other hand, are often associated with a more relaxing, sedative effect and are commonly used for pain relief and relaxation.
Cannabinoid content: Sativa strains tend to have higher levels of THC (the psychoactive compound in cannabis) and lower levels of CBD (a non-psychoactive compound), while Indica strains tend to have higher levels of CBD and lower levels of THC.
Terpene content: Sativa strains are often higher in terpenes that have energizing and uplifting effects, such as limonene and pinene, while Indica strains are often higher in terpenes that have relaxing and sedative effects, such as myrcene and linalool.

It’s important to note that these differences are not always clear-cut, and many cannabis strains are hybrids that combine characteristics of both Sativa and Indica plants.

Additionally, the effects of a particular strain can vary depending on the individual’s body chemistry and the method of consumption.

Common Cannabis Terpenes

Linalool

Linalool is a terpene commonly found in cannabis and other plants, and it is known for its pleasant floral aroma. Linalool is also believed to have various therapeutic effects, and several studies have explored its potential benefits in cannabis.

Here are some of the effects of linalool in cannabis:

Anti-inflammatory effects: Linalool has been found to have anti-inflammatory properties, which may help to reduce inflammation in the body.
Sedative effects: Linalool is believed to have a calming effect on the body, and it may help to promote relaxation and reduce anxiety.
Antimicrobial effects: Linalool has been shown to have antimicrobial properties, which may help to fight off harmful bacteria and other pathogens.
Analgesic effects: Linalool may help to reduce pain and discomfort in the body, which could make it useful for people with chronic pain conditions.
Anticonvulsant effects: Some studies have suggested that linalool may have anticonvulsant properties, which could make it useful for people with epilepsy or other seizure disorders.
Anti-cancer effects: Linalool has been found to have anti-cancer properties, and it may help to prevent the growth and spread of cancer cells.

Linalool is a versatile terpene that may have many potential therapeutic benefits, and it is one of the many compounds in cannabis that contribute to its unique effects on the body and mind.

Myrcene

Myrcene is a terpene found in many plants, including hops, thyme, and mangoes. It is known for its musky, earthy aroma and is often used in aromatherapy and alternative medicine. Here are some potential benefits of myrcene:

Pain relief: Myrcene is believed to have analgesic properties, meaning it may help to relieve pain. This makes it potentially useful for conditions such as headaches, menstrual cramps, and arthritis.
Anti-inflammatory: Myrcene is thought to have anti-inflammatory properties, which means it may help to reduce swelling and inflammation. This makes it potentially useful for conditions such as arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and other inflammatory conditions.
Sedative: Myrcene is known to have a sedative effect and is often used in aromatherapy to promote relaxation and sleep. This makes it potentially useful for conditions such as anxiety, insomnia, and stress.
Anti-tumor: Some studies have suggested that myrcene may have anti-tumor properties, meaning it may help to prevent the growth and spread of cancer cells.
Antimicrobial: Myrcene has been found to have antimicrobial properties, meaning it may help to fight off bacteria, viruses, and fungi. This makes it potentially useful for preventing and treating infections.
Anti-diabetic: Some research suggests that myrcene may have anti-diabetic properties, meaning it may help to regulate blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity.

Pinene

Pinene is a terpene, a class of organic compounds that are commonly found in many plants, including conifers, citrus fruits, and herbs. Pinene is actually made up of two isomers: alpha-pinene and beta-pinene, both of which have various health benefits. Here are some of the benefits of pinene:

Anti-inflammatory: Pinene has been shown to have potent anti-inflammatory properties, which may be beneficial for conditions such as arthritis, asthma, and allergies.
Bronchodilator: Pinene has been found to be a natural bronchodilator, meaning it can help to open up the airways and improve breathing. This makes it potentially useful for conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Antimicrobial: Pinene has also been shown to have antimicrobial properties, which means it may be effective at fighting off bacteria, viruses, and fungi. This makes it potentially useful for preventing and treating infections.
Cognitive enhancer: Some studies suggest that pinene may have cognitive-enhancing effects, such as improved memory and increased alertness. This makes it potentially useful for treating conditions such as dementia and ADHD.
Cancer-fighting: There is also some evidence to suggest that pinene may have anti-cancer properties. Studies have found that pinene can inhibit the growth of certain types of cancer cells.
Pain relief: Pinene has been found to have analgesic (pain-relieving) properties, which may be beneficial for conditions such as headaches and chronic pain.

Overall, pinene has a range of potential health benefits, but more research is needed to fully understand its effects and determine the best ways to use it for specific conditions.

Humulene

Humulene is a terpene that is found in many plants, including hops, sage, and ginseng. It is known for its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal properties, and has been studied for its potential health benefits. Some of the reported benefits and effects of humulene include:

Anti-inflammatory: Humulene has been shown to have powerful anti-inflammatory properties, which may help reduce pain, swelling, and redness in the body.
Pain relief: Humulene may help relieve pain by reducing inflammation and modulating pain receptors in the body.
Appetite suppressant: Humulene has been shown to act as an appetite suppressant, which may be helpful for weight loss or management.
Anti-tumor: Humulene has been shown to have potential anti-tumor effects, which may make it useful in cancer treatment.
Antimicrobial: Humulene has been found to have antibacterial and antifungal properties, which may make it useful in treating infections.
Digestive health: Humulene may help support digestive health by reducing inflammation in the gut and improving nutrient absorption.

Beta-Caryopyhllene

Beta-caryophyllene is a terpene commonly found in various plants such as cloves, black pepper, and certain strains of cannabis. There is growing interest in its potential health benefits, and some studies suggest that it may have several positive effects on the body.

Anti-inflammatory properties: Beta-caryophyllene has been found to have potent anti-inflammatory properties, which may help reduce inflammation throughout the body. Chronic inflammation has been linked to several health conditions, including heart disease, cancer, and Alzheimer’s disease.
Pain relief: Beta-caryophyllene has been shown to act on the body’s endocannabinoid system, which plays a role in pain sensation. This terpene may help reduce pain levels and could potentially be used as a natural pain reliever.
Anti-anxiety: Beta-caryophyllene has been found to have anti-anxiety effects in animal studies. It may help reduce anxiety by acting on the body’s GABA receptors, which are involved in regulating anxiety.
Neuroprotective effects: Beta-caryophyllene may have neuroprotective effects and could potentially be used to prevent or treat neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease.
Anti-cancer: Beta-caryophyllene has been found to have anti-cancer properties in some studies. It may help prevent the growth and spread of cancer cells and could potentially be used as a complementary treatment for cancer.

Terpinolene

Terpinolene is a naturally occurring terpene found in many plants, including sage, rosemary, and cypress. It has a unique aroma that is fresh, woody, and floral, and is commonly used as a flavoring agent in the food and beverage industry. In addition, terpinolene has been shown to have several potential health benefits:

Antimicrobial Properties: Terpinolene has been found to have antimicrobial properties, which means it may help to fight against bacteria and fungi that can cause infections. This makes it a potential natural alternative to traditional antibiotics.
Anti-Inflammatory Properties: Terpinolene has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties, which means it may help to reduce inflammation in the body. This makes it a potential natural alternative to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
Sedative Properties: Terpinolene has been found to have sedative properties, which means it may help to promote relaxation and sleep. This makes it a potential natural alternative to sleep aids.
Anti-Cancer Properties: Terpinolene has been shown to have anti-cancer properties, which means it may help to prevent the growth and spread of cancer cells. This makes it a potential natural alternative to traditional chemotherapy drugs.
Anti-Oxidant Properties: Terpinolene has been found to have antioxidant properties, which means it may help to protect cells from damage caused by free radicals. This makes it a potential natural alternative to synthetic antioxidants.